Introduction To Logic 14th Edition Exercise Answers

Exercise answers chapter 1, 2 & 3.1.1 Exercise Answers and Teaching Tips Chapter 1: Introduction to Critical ThinkingStudents enjoy the exercises in Chapter 1. Most are Socratic exercises, designed to ease studentsinto the course and encourage self-reflection in dialogue with others. Instructors probably wont want to do all the exercises in this chapter: We generally doabout half. Exercise 1.1.1 works well as an icebreaker. Students always enjoy Exercises 1.2 and1.3, and Exercises 1.6.I and 1.6.III work well for instructors who stress writing.Exercise 1.4.Discussion questions: 1. What can you consistently believe with regard to Culture A?Answer: You must believe that it is right for Culture A to be a totally pacifist culture, and hencethat it is right for Culture A to permit themselves to be conquered and enslaved by Culture B.(Assuming that this belief is consistent with what you must believe as a member of Culture C.) 2. What can you consistently believe with regard to Culture B?Answer: You must believe that it is right for Culture B to be a militaristic and slaveholdingculture, and hence that it is right for Culture B to conquer and enslave Culture A.

(Assuming thatthis belief is consistent with what you must believe as a member of Culture C.) 3. What can you consistently do with regard to Culture A?Answer: Since both Culture A and Culture B are doing what they consider to be morally right,you cannot do anything to interfere with the invasion. (Assuming that your noninterference ispermitted by the values of Culture C.) 4. What can you consistently do with regard to Culture B?Answer: You cannot do anything to interfere with Culture B’s conquest of Culture A. (Assumingthat your noninterference is permitted by the values of Culture C.)Main Lesson of Case 1:Moral relativism may commit us to certain beliefs or practices that, intuitively, seem to us to beterribly wrong. It makes it impossible for us to criticize the values and practices of other culturesthat may seem to us to be clearly wrong or misguided.2Case 2Discussion questions: 1. Is there any logical difficulty with being a relativist and also belonging to Culture B?Answer: Yes.

As a moral relativist you must believe that it is right for Culture A to practicepacifism (since this is what Culture A believes is right). But as a member of Culture B you mustbelieve that it is wrong for Culture A to practice pacifism (since this is what Culture B believes). What can you consistently believe with regard to Culture A?Answer: As explained above, you are committed to inconsistent beliefs with regard to Culture A.You must believe that it is right for Culture A to practice pacifism and that it is wrong forCulture A to practice pacifism. What can you consistently believe with regard to Culture B?Answer: You must believe that it is right for Culture B to subjugate and enslave Culture A.(Instructors might wish to note that, strictly speaking, inconsistent beliefs imply any conclusion.) 4. What can you consistently do with regard to Culture A?Answer: Since both Culture A and Culture B are doing what they consider to be right, you, as amember of Culture B, must support the invasion—and indeed participate in it if required to doso.

What can you consistently do with regard to Culture B?Answer: You must support and possibly participate in the invasion and subjugation.Main Lessons of Case 2: 1. Moral relativism may commit us to certain beliefs or practices that, intuitively, seem to us to be terribly wrong. Moral relativism can easily lapse into inconsistency.

One way this can happen is when a relativist is a member of a society that holds beliefs that conflict with moral relativism (as Culture B does in this scenario). Another way inconsistency can occur is when a relativist belongs to a culture that holds inconsistent moral beliefs. A third way in which relativism can lead to inconsistency is explored in Case 3.3Case 3Discussion questions: 1. Is it possible for an individual to belong to more than one culture at the same time? If so, does this impose any logical difficulty for the moral relativist?Answer: Arguably, yes. The Amish, for example, plausibly belong to two cultures: the largerAmerican culture and their own distinctive sub-culture. If an individual belongs to differentcultures, and the cultures hold mutually inconsistent moral beliefs, then moral relativism impliesinconsistent moral duties.

Introduction To Logic Exercises

Is there any logical difficulty in being a relativist and belonging to Culture B?Answer: Yes, for the same reason stated in Case 2. You must believe both that Culture A is rightnot to practice child sacrifice and that Culture A is wrong not to practice child sacrifice. What can you consistently believe with regard to Culture A and Culture B?Answer: You seem to be committed to holding inconsistent beliefs: that child sacrifice is bothright and wrong for Culture B, and that child sacrifice is both right and wrong for Culture A. What can you consistently do with regard to Culture A and Culture B?Answer: You would have inconsistent duties-for example, both to support and not to supportchild sacrifice.

Introduction To Logic Exercise Answers

If someday the Betas become the majority sub-culture in Culture B, and consequently most members of Culture B no longer believe in child sacrifice, can this be described as 'moral progress' from the standpoint of moral relativism?Answer: No. According to moral relativism, what is morally right for a society is whatever thatsociety believes is right at a particular time.

Essentials Of Symbolic Logic 3rd Edition Answers

Thus, according to relativism, it is not the case, forexample, that contemporary Americans attitudes toward slavery are 'truer' or 'moreenlightened' than those of most 18th century Americans.